Taken together, these essays illustrate how this subject is discussed, or not, across the globe. Several essays deal with WWII sexual violence as depicted in fiction and film. One essay on victim psychology demonstrates how trauma can render the first-person unreliable. Much of the content here is a philosophical extension of first-person accounts of sexual torture. But these essays, describing experiences of forced sex, "sex for survival," prostitution, sterilization, abortion, and general sexual humiliation, add greatly to what is known about the lives of Jewish women during WWII. Sadly, Hedgepth and Saidel may be asking too much of their readers: three hundred pages chronicling the literal and metaphorical rapes of women (who were often subsequently murdered) is a visceral discomfort few will be willing to undertake. These subjects have been relegated to the edges or completely left out of Holocaust history, and this book aims to shift perceptions and promote new discourse. This anthology by an interdisciplinary and international group of scholars addresses topics such as rape, forced prostitution, assaults on childbearing, artistic representations of sexual violence, and psychological insights into survivor trauma. The book goes beyond previous studies, and challenges claims that Jewish women were not sexually violated during the Holocaust. Using testimonies, Nazi documents, memoirs, and artistic representations, this volume broadens and deepens comprehension of Jewish women’s experiences of rape and other forms of sexual violence during the Holocaust. Milgram concludes with the grim observation that it seems people can easilybe persuaded to hurt other people given the right situation.Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the FeaturesĪbout Sexual Violence Against Jewish Women During The Of course, the high level of obedience shocked everyone. Milgram had some pyschiatrists review the method and predict what the resultwould be. Theytested this hypothesis by repeating the experiment with a fictitious namein an office building in Bridgeport with no connection to the university. "Tension, it is assumed, results from the simultaneous presence oftwo or more incompatible response tendencies".ĭuring the initial study, one concern was that the subjects assumed thatsince the study was being conducted at Yale, it must be safe and thereforethey were more confortable putting their trust in the experimenter. "Perhapsour culture does not have adequate models for disobedience". Yet despiteextreme anxiety people continued to obey the experimenter. Strange nervous laughter was even heard by some subjects. Most subjects were extremely nervous and somewhat traumatized by the experience. Sometimes the subject would "lie"about what level of shock they administered to keep the voltage low. He foundthat disobedience went up drastically if the experimenter was out of theroom (on a telephone, or on tape). Or maybeputting the victim in the room allows group dynamics to form a bond betweensubject and victim against the experimenter.Īnother version of the study examined the closeness of authority. This may be due to emphatic clues fromthe victim or the "out of signt, out of mind" effect. Milgram foundthat the closer the victim (seen but not hear, heard but not seen, in theroom, ) the more disobedience seen. The next study was on the proximity effect of the victim. Initial pilot studies showed that people would heed the experimenter tothe end much more than expected. The result is scored from 0 (unwilling to give first shock) to 30 (givehighest shock). The subject is led to believe the study is on the effect of punishment onlearning, and must give increasinly stronger shocks to the "learner"(an accomplish whose voice is on tape for each shock level). Thus, the subject must resolve a conflict- does he heed to experimenter'sorders and continue to shock for wrong answers, or does he heed the victim'spleas and stop the experiment? The focus of the study concerned the amount of electric shock a subjectis willing to administer to another person when ordered by an experimenterto give the "victim" increasinly more severe punishment. The premise of this famous study was - If an experimenter tells a subjectto hurt another person, under what conditions will the subject go alongwith this instruction, and under what conditions will he refuse to obey? "All organized hostility may be viewed as a theme and variationon the three elements of authority, executant, and victim". (ed.), The Social Psychology of Psychological Research, 1972 Milgram's Famous Shock Experiment Milgram, Stanley, Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority,In Miller, A.
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